Aortic Aneurysm: Early Signs, Causes, and Available Treatments

 

What is an Aortic Aneurysm?

An aortic aneurysm is a bulge in the aorta, typically in the abdomen or chest, which is caused by a weakened arterial wall. This bulge can enlarge over time, increasing the risk of a life-threatening rupture. Early stages are often asymptomatic, making awareness and regular check-ups vital.

Types of Aortic Aneurysm

There are two main types of aortic aneurysm:

• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA): This is the most common type of aortic aneurysm, and it is located in the abdomen. It often grows slowly without symptoms, leading to a significant health risk.

• Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA): This type of aortic aneurysm occurs in the chest. It can either be silent, or cause symptoms if it becomes large or presses on other structures.

Aortic Aneurysm Causes 

Several factors may contribute towards weakening the aortic wall. Some of the most common aortic aneurysm causes include:

• Weakened Arterial Wall: Weakened arterial wall can occur due to atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arterial walls and damages the arteries. 

• Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, smoking, unhealthy diet and excess alcohol consumption can damage blood vessels, which can further lead to atherosclerosis. 

• Aortic Valve Disease: Aortic valve disease and aortic aneurysm are closely linked, as aortic valve disease can weaken and dilate the aortic wall, leading to severe complications. 

• Existing Medical Conditions: Medical conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes and high cholesterol levels significantly increase risk of aortic aneurysm. 

• Infections: Certain bacterial and viral infections can affect the heart muscle, which can increase risk of aortic aneurysm. 

• Trauma: Direct trauma or injury to the aorta by any reason can increase risk of aortic aneurysm. 

• Family history: Aortic aneurysm may run in the family, especially where structure of collagen tissue is abnormal. 

Other than thoracic aneurysm, they can also be abdominal aortic aneurysm causes.

Early Signs and Symptoms: When to Be Concerned

An aortic aneurysm often develops without symptoms. When symptoms occur, they vary by type:

• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Pulsatile mass near navel, or deep pain in abdomen or back.

• Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Chest or back pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath.

• Signs of Rupture (Medical Emergency): Sudden, severe abdominal or back pain, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, dizziness.

Early detection through screening, especially for high-risk individuals, is critical to prevent extreme complication and fatality.

Treatments for Aortic Aneurysm

Treatment for an aortic aneurysm varies by aneurysm type, size and overall health of the patient. 

• Watchful Waiting: Regular monitoring for small, stable aneurysms, along with risk factor management.

• Medication: To control blood pressure and cholesterol, to help slow down the growth of aneurysm.

• Surgical Repair:

  • Open Surgical Repair: Replaces the weakened section with a graft.

  • Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR/TEVAR): Less invasive, uses a stent-graft to reinforce the aortic wall.

Conclusion

Aortic Aneurysm is a serious medical emergency that is often asymptomatic, which re-enforces the importance of recognising its early signs to get timely medical intervention. At Manipal Hospitals EM Bypass, our CTVS experts use the latest technology to provide accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plans for the best possible outcomes. If you or your loved ones have any health concerns, do not delay! Book an appointment at Manipal Hospitals EM Bypass for comprehensive care.